Etruscan and Roman Art Chapter 6 Ara Pacis Auguste or Altar of Augustan Peace
Learning Objectives:
- Etruscan art celebrates the vitality of the homo feel, how?
- What are the distinctive visual representations of the human being figure in Etruscan and Roman art?
- Identify the major trends in the monuments of Imperial Roman art and architecture.
- Identify the visual pattern changes in the Late Roman Empire and their architecture.
But first,
Where in the globe are nosotros?
Finish of the Bronze Age (about 1000 BCE) Villanovans occupied northern and western regions of Italy. The central region was home to people who spoke what is closest to Latin today.
Outset in the8th-century people, the Greeks, established colonies hither.
During the7th century, people known equally the Etruscans (related to Villanovans) gained control of the n and much of central Italy every bit it's known today.
Etruscans reached their height of power in the6th century and expanded throughout Italy.
Etruscan wealth came from fertile soil and affluence of metallic ore. They were farmers, metal workers, sailors, and merchants and traded with the Greeks.
The Etruscan artists drew neat inspiration from theGreeks and Most Eastern art
Etruscans made extraordinary items for domestic employ
Ficoroni Cista 4th c. BCE bronze p. 128
Cistae
Cylinder containers used past women in the home for toiletry articles
Visual expression
Humans are naturally posed and even individualized, having a visual connectedness to Greek art.
Visual imagery displays the Etruscans' interest in Greek myths
Compages and urban center planning
Etruscans established patterns of buildings that would be adopted by Romans later.
Cities were laid out on grid patterns (similar to Arab republic of egypt and Greece)
Cities were divided into quarters with the town'due south concern district centralized in the heart of the intersection.
Nosotros know about their domestic living quarters because of the house-shaped funerary urns
Houses were designed around a central courtyard oratrium, open to the sky, with a cistern or pool fed by rainwater
Evidence of first spottingThe Roman Arch that connects two towers andRoman Vaulting with circular panels or roundels
Olympian Gods & Goddesses
Greek Gods & Goddesses > Roman counterparts
- Zeus = Jupiter > Jupiter - King of the Gods - Crystalinks. Jupiter is the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, called dies pater, "shining begetter". He is a god of light and sky, and protector of the state and its laws. He is a son of Saturn and blood brother of Neptune and Juno (who is also his wife).
- Poseidon = Neptune >Neptune was the proper noun that aboriginal Romans gave to the Greek god of the sea and earthquakes, Poseidon. He was the blood brother of Jupiter (Zeus) and of Pluto (Hades).
- Hades = Pluto
- Hera = Juno (no children)
- Demeter = Ceres
- Hestia = Vesta (no children)
- Ares = Mars > In aboriginal Roman religion and myth, Mars (Latin: Mārs, [maːrs]) was the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome. He was second in importance simply to Jupiter and he was the about prominent of the military gods in the faith of the Roman army.
- Aphrodite = Venus > In Roman mythology, Venus was the goddess of love, sex, beauty, and fertility. She was the Roman counterpart to the Greek Aphrodite. Withal, Roman Venus had many abilities beyond the Greek Aphrodite; she was a goddess of victory, fertility, and fifty-fifty prostitution.
- Athena = Minerva > It is presumed that her Roman proper noun, Minerva , is based on this Etruscan mythology. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, war, art, schools, and commerce. She was the Etruscan counterpart to Greek Athena.
- Hephaestus = Vulcan
- Hermes = Mercury > G od of shopkeepers and merchants, travelers and transporters of appurtenances, and thieves and tricksters. He is normally identified with the Greek Hermes, the fleet-footed messenger of the gods. Parents = Maia and Jupiter
- Dionysus = Bacchus > Bacchus was the Roman god of agriculture, wine and fertility, copied from the Greek god Dionysus . Dionysius was said to be the last god to join the twelve Olympians. Supposedly, Hestia gave up her seat for him. His plants were vines and twirling ivy.
- Apollo = Apollo >The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, able-bodied youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the lord's day and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sis, the chaste huntress Artemis.
- Pan = Faunus > In ancient Greek religion and mythology , Pan (/pæn/; Ancient Greek: Πάν, Pan ) is the god of the wild, shepherds and flocks, nature of mountain wilds, rustic music and impromptus, and companion of the nymphs. He has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a caprine animal, in the aforementioned mode as a faun or satyr.
- Hecate = Trivia
- Hebe = Juventas
- Hypnos = Somnus
- Enyo = Bellona
- Persephone = Prosperina
- Nyx = Nox
- Tyche = Fortuna
- Eros = Cupid > In Roman mythology, Cupid (Latin cupido, meaning "desire") is the god of desire, affection and erotic love. He is often portrayed as the son of the goddess Venus, with a father rarely mentioned. His Greek counterpart is Eros. Cupid is also known in Latin as Amor ("Love").
- Nike = Victoria / Victory > Nike was the goddess of victory in Greek mythology and Victoria in Roman mythology. She is depicted as having wings, hence her alternative name "Winged Goddess". She was the girl of the Titan Pallas and the goddess Styx, sis of Kratos (ability), Bia (Force) and Zelus (zeal).
- Mnemosyne = Moneta
- Amphitrite = Salacia
- Artemis = Diana (no children) > Artemis is known as the goddess of the hunt and is i of the nigh respected of all the ancient Greek deities. Information technology is thought that her name, and fifty-fifty the goddess herself, may even be pre-Greek. She was the girl of Zeus , king of the gods, and the Titaness Leto and she has a twin brother, the god Apollo.
- Boreas = Aquilo
- Themis = Justitia
- Zephyrus = Favonius
Roman only...
- Janus/Quirinus
- Pomona
- Vejovis
Etruscan Temples
Etruscans incorporated Greek deities and heroes into their pantheon (a building where the illustrious dead of a nation are buried and/or honored).
Temple of Minerva p. 131
Archaeological evidence for the Temple of Minerva
" The archaeological evidence that does remain from many Etruscan temples largely confirms Vitruvius's description. One of the best explored and known of these is the Portonaccio Temple defended to thegoddess Minerva (Roman=Minerva/Greek=Athena) at the city of Veii about xviii km north of Rome. The tufa-block foundations of the Portonaccio temple still remain and their almost foursquare footprint reflects Vitruvius'due south description of a floor plan with proportions that are 5:vi, merely a fleck deeper than wide.
The temple is likewise roughly divided into 2 parts—a deep front porch with widely-spaced Tuscan columns and a back portion divided into three separate rooms. Known equally a triple cella, this iii-room configuration seems to reflect a divine triad associated with the temple, perhaps Minerva as well as Tinia (Jupiter/Zeus) and Uni (Juno/Hera).
In add-on to their internal organization and materials, what too fabricated Etruscan temples noticeably distinct from Greek ones was a loftier podium and frontal entrance. Budgeted the Parthenon with its depression rising stepped entrance and encircling forest of columns would have been a very different experience from approaching an Etruscan temple high off the ground with a single, divers archway." RE: Smart History.com
Video: Temple of Veii and the Temple of Minerva
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| Master Sculptor Vulca (?), Apollo From the Temple of Minerva at Veii Terracotta (hollow) c. 510 - 500 BCE page 131 |
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| Comparative: Male child of Kouros, Ancient Hellenic republic Stiff, nude, rather geometric c. 600 - 590 BCE |
p.160
The Archaic grinning
Apollo, terracotta figure resembles thekouroi from Ancient Greece. Here, withal, the body is covered by a draped robe, the body advances forward, overall has a sense of energy in purposeful move.
This type of natural motion is plant in Etruscan paintings as well.
Temple of Minerva further information
The temples were built with mud-brick walls, wood and sometimes quarried volcanic rock called tufo
Tuscan orderwas the Etruscan variation of the Doric cavalcade, just was unfitted and had a simple base.
The Etruscans built rectangular temples (like the Greeks) but the difference was they embedded them into an urban setting.
Temples were embellished with painting and terra-cotta sculpture.
Temple roofs served as a base for large statue groups (instead of pediments, as was the method of the Greeks)
A temple'sridgepoleis the horizontal beam at the pinnacle of the roof often decorated with figures
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| Burial Chamber, tomb of the Reliefs Cerveteri, Italy c. 300 BCE p. 132 |
Honoring their dead
Like the Egyptians, Etruscans had concealed tombs as homes for the dead.
Tomb paintings illustrate with a tangible earth in the afterlife, in their brilliant scenes of playing, feasting, dancing, hunting, etc. in fresco
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| Dancers and Diners Tomb of the Triclinium, c. 480 - 470 B CE |
Some tombs were carved out of the area rock to resemble rooms in a house with couches carved from the stone while other areas were plastered and painted (fresco).
Developed a new medium calledstucco = boring drying plaster that can be molded and carved.
The Etruscans made their "homes" for the dead look every bit natural and conceivable every bit possible, with cats, dishes of nutrient sitting on painted tables, etc.
Their tombs were often of the couple, laying on a couch or laying in a bed in a natural embrace and exchanged honey.
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| Reclining Couple on a sarcophagus from Cerveteri, c. 520 BCE Terracotta p. 133 |
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| Carved marble sarcophagus chapeau of an embracing couple |
THE ROMANS
While Etruscans were inhabiting Italy, the Latin-speaking that settled around Rome were gaining ability. Etruscan Kings ruled them merely in 509 BCE the Romans overthrew them and formed the Democracy centered in Rome, arresting Etruscans into the Commonwealth by the cease of the 3rd century BCE.
Retrieve Etruscan rule and note where the early Romans were located.
Also, annotation the location of Jerusalem and northern Africa
The Roman Empire would soon grow to this size below!
You will find helpful study tips, please read this link overview from theKahn Academy
Introduction to Roman fine art
THE ROMANS
While Etruscans were inhabiting Italia, the Latin-speaking that settled effectually Rome were gaining power.
Etruscan Kings ruled them merely in 509 BCE the Romans overthrew them and formed the Republic centered in Rome, absorbing Etruscans into the Republic by the terminate of the tertiary century BCE.
Note the period of fourth dimension we are in...
2nd century CE the Roman Empire reached Euphrates River to Asia to Scotland - it was indeed huge!
The Euphrates River (pronounced: [yoo- frey -teez] ) , located in the Heart East, reaching 1740 miles, the longest river in SW Asia.
Those who were conquered past the Romans assimilated to their ways throughout culture including political, economic and cultural structures.
The Roman Republic would concluding some 450 years!
The Romans assimilated to the Greeks through the adoption of their myths, gods and religious beliefs and practices. While worshipping gods they besides paid laurels to past rulers.
Some Romans adopted the "mystery religions" of the people they conquered: Worship of Isis and Osiris from Egypt, Cybele (The Groovy Female parent) fromAnatolia, the hero-god Mithras fromPersia.
The single, all-powerfulGod of Judaism and Christianity from Palestine challenged the Roman spiritual establishment.
During the stable class of government, past 275 BCE Rome controlled the entire Italian peninsula.
146 BCE Rome had defeated its greatest rival, Carthage on the North coast of Africa.
2nd century BCE Romans took Macedonia and Greece.
Arab republic of egypt remained contained until Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE.
During the Republic, fine art was rooted in its Etruscan heritage and almost certainly Hellenic republic.
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| Portrait Caput of an Elderberry from Scoppito 1st c. BCE Marble 11" high |
ROMAN PORTRAIT SCULPTURE -- p. 135
Sculptors of the Republican period were inspired past creating lifelike images based on observation of their subjects.
They likewise completed decease masks to accolade their deceased ancestors. The NEW Roman idealization was inspired to show advanced years of the sitter and "distinguishing aspects of individual likenesses," for such an advent embodies wisdom and timely life feel. Roman artists remained to celebrate Hellenistic fine art from the Greeks but adding to it an individualization of the homo.
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| Denarius with Portrait of Julius Caesar 44 BCE silver 3/four" in bore p.134 |
The Denarius of Julius Caesar
44 BCE Julius Caesar used and a widely circulated coin bearing his profile facing right and looking "ahead."
Addition of text conceptually galvanized the propaganda values of the ruler. Roman rulers adopted this practice and coins continued to be minted in this way.
The inscription on the coin "Caesar, dictator forever"
ROMAN TEMPLES p. 136
Architecture reflected both Etruscan and Greek practices.
The Romans build urban temples in commercial areas, thus embedding worship as office of everyday life.
Rectangular cella and a front end porch, inviting flying of stairs.
Past ane century BCE, near 1,000,000 people lived in Rome and formed the capital that had great commercial and political ability, while the Democracy grew overseas.
The Commonwealth of Rome was a large city-state that had a Senate.
Notwithstanding, as the Empire grew larger, the government began to shift towards competing senators and military commanders. Thus, the Republic began to weaken with fewer and fewer leaders and was finally ruled by 1 human being, an emperor, rather than a Senate.
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| Augustus of Primaporta Early 1st century CE Perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of c. twenty BCE Made of marble, originally painted p. 138 |
The Early on Roman Empire27 BCE - 96CE (AD) p.171
Octavian was the first emperor of the Rome in 63 BCE at the age of nineteen. His great-uncle was Julius Caesar who adopted him at 18 after recognizing his nephew's political/militant mind.
In 44 BCE Julius Caesar refused the Senate's offer of the imperial crown and was murdered by a group of conspirators.
Octavian moved into his place and became a brilliant general, political leader, statesman and public relations genius.
By 27 BCE the Senate referred to Octavian every bit "Augustus" which means: one who is exalted or sacred .
Following his appointment "Augustus" with the help of hiswife Livia led the Empire for 45 years!
Rome was ruled efficiently and the country was in a menstruation of stability, domestic peace and economical stability is known as Pax Romana ("Roman Peace") which lasted across Augustus for another 150 years to 180 CE.
VIDEO: Augustus of Primaporta early 1st c. CE
Octavia: Augustus was given the title " Pontifex Maximus " (at 12 BCE), translating to: High Priest , becoming the Empire'due south highest religious official as a political leader.
Augustus was a careful planner, inspired leader, had great administrative skills which allowed him to conquer and maintain an enormous empire.
Our ain organization of law, our governmental and administrative structures, our civil engineering and compages reverberate the contributions of Augustus.
Augustus built widelymaking city life comfy and attractive for all citizens.
Having centralized legal and administrative buildings = forums and basilicas, recreational facilities (stadiums), temples, theatre, markets, public baths, eye-grade housing and even entire new towns exterior of Rome.
The Romans built roadways and bridges, some of the Roman bridges are however in utilize today!
They alsocreated lead piping plumbing for urban dwellers which was an enormous accomplishment then!Just retrieve about it...
p. 172
Fine art in the Age of Augustus
The new Roman form of idealism that was grounded in an individualized appearance of the every solar day, with a revival of Greek Classical ethics: adding mythological imagery, historical events. The sculptures, in item, narrated completed stories of the Roman Empire's psyche.
The Romans enriched portraiture (official figures and individual folks), recorded contemporary historical events in the form of public monuments.
Sculptural forms were rich in propagandistic attitudes to the Empire and its leaders to express their authority and how they want to be seen past their audience posthumously.
Art forms seemed to be a synthesis of theClassical fashion:combining Greek's Golden Historic period with the historical references and identifiable figures of Augustus and the empire.
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| Ara Pacis Augustae - Altar of Augustan Peace the Roman goddess of Peace. The monument was commissioned by the Roman Senate on July 4, 13 BC to accolade the render of Augustus to Rome |
Ara Pacis Augustes (Altar of Augustan Peace)
Rome 13BCE - 9 CE
Is an architectural monument that celebrates the Roman rule in Gaul and Hispanic following three years of war.
It is an enclosure surrounding an open-air change that looks like a Greek temple in some respects.
Notation the port (entranceway), the subtractive carvings that surround the outside and interior, the arrangement of the visual narrative by way of registers and THE GREEK KEY!
VIDEO: Ara Pacis Augustae
Reliefs of political propaganda carved in marble unite organized religion with politics and show portraiture and allegory of the mythical history of Rome.
The portraits in this work are of Augustus' imperial family. The monument unifies the public life of the Empire with the private.
Notation, the overlap of carved figures in the groundwork are not as deep nor detailed as the foreground figures to create the illusion of a spatial field.
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| Purple Processional with members of Augustus' family unit |
This altar embodies the Roman ideology of peace and imperial rule of the family unit of Augustus, with his successors shown, implying that stability of the empire, peace, and prosperity volition continue.
Reliefs also reveal Greek apologue
Note the "walking cantankerous" formed from the Greek Key
Above, the Tellus panel depicts the relief of Tellus nursing Romulus and Remus
In Roman mythology,Romulus and Remus are twin brothers, whose story tells the events that led to the founding of the city of Rome and the Roman Kingdom by Romulus.
The killing of Remus by his brother, and other tales from their story have inspired artists throughout the ages.
RE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus
Romulus = Romulus was the legendary founder and first king of Rome. Various traditions aspect the establishment of many of Rome'south oldest legal, political, religious, and social institutions to Romulus and his contemporaries.
Remus = is his twin brother
Augustus dies in xiv CE and Roman Senate is succeeded past his stepson, Tiberius (ruled 14 - 37 CE)
The process of making acameo.
Onyx or seashell, other semi-precious stones.
Etching of subtractive cloth.
Depending on the depth of the carved relief, volition produce a diverseness of color from some stones and seashells.
Find the cameo below on page 140
VIDEO: Carving a Cameo: BAD SOUND!
p. 141
Roman Cities and Dwelling
Romans loved to take contact with the natural earth.
The institution of the middle class enjoyed their courtyards and gardens.
The wealthy had rural estates, the Roman emperors had state villas.
Wealthy Romans commissioned artists to paint landscapes on the interior walls - frescoes.
Cities were planned and built on a grid structure, like the Etruscans.
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Pompeii was a thriving eye of 10,000 - 20,000 inhabitants.
In79 CE Mountain Vesuvius erupted burying the city under more than 20' of ash, preserving it until the beginning of the 18th century when excavation began by archeologists.
Wealthy city dwellers had their homes here with enclosed gardens and oftentimes fasted shops on the street.
They emphasized the interior more than the exterior of their domestic life.
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| Peristyle = open up air courtyard |
People entered the home off the street and stepped into an atrium that had animpluvium(a pool with running water and/or rainwater).
Off the atrium was the office for the household called thetablinum, where the head of the household.
Portrait busts may be found in these 2 areas.
Private rooms; dining, sitting rooms and bedrooms (cubical), retainer areas were arranged effectually the atrium.
Theperistyle, or courtyard, was often turned into an outdoor living room with fountains and gardens.
Recall of some of our Italianate gardens today!
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| Peristyle open up air court yard with impluvium |
Wall painting in Pompeii
Interior walls brought the exterior in, in a controlled and arcadian way. Some artists used mosaic (cleaved pieces of pocket-size glass and ceramic tile forming patterns and images).
The pigment was added to the water-based solution of lime and soap, sometimes with a picayune bees' wax. Thus, allowing for the shine to exist established from the walls once dried and buffed with a soft cloth.
Pompeii Wall painting in the Villa of Livia
Romans delighted in their shut observation of the natural globe, only also as their knowledge and life of mythology.
The walls of Pompeii show this exquisitely.
This was the civilisation that resurrectedThe Classical world- which was a render andre-birth to Ancient Greece,the interest in the natural sciences and observation,and thenew birthof a new religion called Christianity.
Expanding Illusionary Space
Apply ofintuitive perspective = artists who have a general impression of existent infinite beyond the wall. They were highly painted in the interior walls of Pompeii as murals.
The ancestry oflinear perspective happen here withtwo signal perspective - walls of the garden around the tree.
Villas at Primaporta illustrate on the walls a sense of deep space through murals.
VIDEO: Painted Garden Vista, Villa of Livia at Primaporta
Atmospheric perspectiveanother spatial illusionary tool, where the artist depicts deep space as being less in focus and detail than the foreground.
Pompeii Wall painting
Roman Realism in Still Life and Portraiture details
Genre scenes -scenes depicting everyday activities and however life.
Double portrait (above) of husband and wife from
Pompeii 1st c. CE p. 151
The couple looks out at u.s. into the room, instead of a scene beyond the architectural wall.
A woman holds a stylus and man holds a ringlet of writing, both are literate. Mode of the painting depicts astonishing details, for case, look at the loftier light on the nose and shadowing.
Paint with bees' wax on walls.
p. 145
The ARCH OF TITUS(above)
when Domitian causeless the throne in 81 CE, he commissioned a triumphal archway to honor the capture of Jerusalem in 70 CE past his brother, Titus.
It is a complimentary-continuing gateway, 50 anxiety alpine that served as a base for a at present lost bronze statue of the Titus in four-horse chariots. Fabricated of physical and marble.
Wowza! At present that's enormous!!
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| Curvation of Titus |
Reliefs depict procession in Rome, the capture of the Temple of Jerusalem and all the treasures that were carried off!
AMPHITHEATER --
Roman were huge sports fans. Flavian emperors catered to their taste by building wonderful facilities.The Flavian Amphitheater is Rome'south greatest loonshit that began construction in lxx CE completed past Titus in 80 CE.
Vaulting - Romans became experts in devising methods of roofing open spaces.
Barrel vault, constructed like the Roman Arch. It is a series of arches that are continued.
Groin Curvation - when 2 archways intersect. Weight and outward thrust are concentrated on the four corner piers. Only the piers require buttressing for extra support.
Dome - perfected by the Romans. The rim of the dome is supported on a circular wall (the Pantheon for instance) and sometimes a round opening at the peak for emission of light and air. This opening is called theoculus (eye).
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| Pantheon Rome c. 110-128 CE p. 149 |
Oculus of the Pantheon
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| Solomon R. Guggenheim. NYC. Frank Lloyd Wright 235 CE assassination of the last several emperors, Rome is thrown into chaos that lasted l years. 286 CE Diocletian divided the empire into two parts ruled by two Diocletians named "Augustus" 293 CEdecided the territory should exist "ruled by iv" likewise known as tetrarchy, here each Augustus held the title of Caesar, Roman Empire now ruled past four individuals p. 153 Tetrarchic portraiture (tetrarch singular) followed creating political sculptures in a radically new style ofgeometric abstraction. Many art historians agree that this new fashion, that distanced itself from the individualism that nosotros saw in earlier Roman art, embodies the stylistic shift against the earlier Classicism to embody the concepts of Diocletian's new regime. Milan, Italy Trier, Federal republic of germany Thessaloniki, Greece Nicomedia, Turkey The enormous architecture was created to house government and armed services in the new capital cities. Augustus(305-306 CE) Constantine the Swell From the basilica of Maxentius and Constantine Rome 325 - 326 CE Marble The Romans built huge audience halls which later was used as a Christian church building. Audience Hall of Constantius Chorus = Basilica today The Basilica's large-scale illustrated the aesthetic that was large in size, simple and plan and no-nonsense He emerged victorious in 312 CE defeating Maxentius (son of Maximian) in Rome. The next morning he ordered that his army's shields be inscribed with the XP (chi-rho in Latin) The labarum (Greek: λάβαρον) was a vexillum(military standard)that displayed the " Chi - Rho " symbol ☧, a Christogram formed from the first two Greek letters of the word "Christ" (Greek: ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, or Χριστός) — Chi (χ) and Rho (ρ).It was beginning used by the Roman emperor Constantine the Peachy. Following his triumph win of theBattle of the Milvian Span at the entrance of Rome, Constantine the Slap-up showed his gratitude by ending the persecution of Christians and recognized Christianity equally a lawful religion. He may have been influenced by his mother Helena who was a devout Christian. By313 CE issued the Edict of Milan, a model of religious tolerance amid all. Constantine is thePontifex Maximus of Rome, this is the religious leader of the country. He likewise reaffirmed his devotion to the military machine'southward favorite god, Mithras, and to the Invincible Sun, Sol Invictus In 324 CE Constantine defeated his last rival, Licinius, and ruled Italy as sole ruler until his death in 337 CE. The Arch of Constantine, Rome, the Senate erects the triumphal curvation Considering comparative scale, the Curvation of Titus we saw earlier is dwarfed. "Emperor Constantine from the Senate and the Roman People. Since through divine inspiration and great wisdom he has delivered the state from the tyrant and his party by his army and noble arms, we dedicate this arch, decorated with triumphal insignia." Reliefs were made to narrate the story of Constantine's victory and symbolize his power. The sculptorsrecycled before sculpture - thus, upcycling at an early time. Panels were taken from an earlier monument celebrating Marcus Aurelius over the Germans in 174 CE. Tondo = circular relief compositions take from a monument dedicated to Hadrian. Tondi= plural round reliefs Basilica Nova Built to have multiple functions: the administrative building of the imperial government, and provided an "over-the-height" setting for the emperor when he appeared to speak. Groin vaults, side aisles were covered with lower butt vaults that acted equally buttresses (projecting supports) Roman Fine art after Constantine Constantine baptized at his deathbed in 337, he brought Christianity into Rome as the official faith by the stop of the fourth century CE. Non-Christians had now get targets in Rome. Not all Romans converted, some remained polytheists (pagans) The ivorydiptych = a pair of panels attached by hinges triptych= a group of three panels attached by hinges of some kind The Priestess of Bacchus, c. 390 - 401 CE served as a blazon of an on-going writing tablet. The interior was filled with wax, and with a stylus, messages could be written into its soft material. The receiver of the message would read it, shine out the wax, and re-inscribe it with a new bulletin that was returned to the originator by a servant. Think of it as an ancient form of "texting." Hither, she wears a wreath of ivy, dedicated to the godBacchus on her caput, like earlier officials earlier her to evidence her devotion to that god. The classical subject area affair remained attractive to artists as well as their patrons. Christian symbols mixed with polytheist gods and goddesses. Both stories remained in thesecularrealm in the late Roman period. *Your further study notes demand to be thorough on regarding technique and processes of creating works of fine art and vocabulary associated with that process: - Mosaics (small-scale bits of ceramic/glass put together to make a larger composition) - Royal portraits as objects of propaganda - Constantine the Bully (important!) - Roman Art after Constantine FYI, 1st century Roman Emperors
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Source: http://fa2018fa111caz.blogspot.com/2018/10/notes.html
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